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India is a constitutional democracy with a parliamentary system of government, and at the heart of the system is a commitment to hold regular, free and fair elections. These elections determine the composition of the government, the membership of the two houses of parliament, the state and union territory legislative assemblies, and the Presidency and vice-presidency.(Back)
The country has been divided into 543 Parliamentary Constituencies, each of which returns one MP to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament. The size and shape of the parliamentary constituencies are determined by an independent Delimitation Commission, which aims to create constituencies which have roughly the same population, subject to geographical considerations and the boundaries of the states and administrative areas.(Back)
Political parties are an established part of modern mass democracy, and the conduct of elections in India is largely dependent on the behaviour of political parties. Although many candidates for Indian elections are independent, the winning candidates for Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections usually stand as members of political parties, and opinion polls suggest that people tend to vote for a party rather than a particular candidate. Parties offer candidates organisational support, and by offering a broader election campaign, looking at the record of government and putting forward alternative proposals for government, help voters make a choice about how the government is run.
Political parties which participate in different elections all over India and are recognized in four or more states are considered as a National Parties. The National Parties in India are:
|
Party |
Acronym |
Year |
Symbol |
President |
|
Indian National Congress |
INC |
1885 |
 * |
Sonia Gandhi |
|
Bhartiya Janta Party |
BJP |
1980 |
 * |
Nitin Gadkari |
|
Nationalist Congress Party |
NCP |
1999 |
 * |
Sharad Pawar |
|
Bahujan Samaj Party |
BSP |
1984 |
 * |
Mayawati |
|
Communist Party of India |
CPI |
1925 |
 * |
Sudhakar Reddy |
|
Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
CPI (M) |
1964 |
 * |
Prakash Karat |
The oldest and most popular Indian political party, the Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 and played the major role in the struggle for Indian independence. This is the only party of country having credit of running Govt. for most of the years after independence. Currently the party is the chief member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance coalition. It is the only party to get maximum number of votes about 100 million votes in the past three general elections (1999, 2004, and 2009). The party’s political symbol is hand. Current President of the party is Mrs. Sonia Gandhi and main base of the party is at New Delhi.
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
Nationalist leaders Shri Sharad Pawar, Shri P. A. Sangma and Shri Tariq Anwar with hundreds of their political supporters formed the nationalist congress party on 25 May 1999, after being expelled from the Indian National Congress (INC) on May 20, 1999. All founders of NCP protested against the leadership of Italian-born Sonia Gandhi over the INC party. The party’s political symbol is clock. Current leader of NCP is Shri. Sharad Pawar and main base of the party is at Maharashtra with head quarters at New Delhi.
Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP)
Originally, Jana Sangh political party was founded in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mookerjee but later in 1980 party was renamed as Bhartiya Janata Party in 1980. The party remained as one of the major opposition parties, throughout the Congress regime. The party commits itself to ‘Sarva Dharma Sambhav’ and value based politics. The Party stands for decentralization of economic and political power. The party’s political symbol is Lotus flower. Current President of the party is Shri Rajnath Singh and main base of the party is at Uttar Pradesh.
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was formed to chiefly represent Bahujan samaj which comprises of Other Backward Classes (OBCs), Scheduled Castes (SCs), the Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Religious Minorities such as Sikhs, Muslims, Christians, Parsis and Buddhists and account for over 85 per cent of the country’s total population. The BSP was founded by the high-profile charismatic leader Kanshi Ram in 1984 and is inspired by the philosophy of B. R. Ambedkar. The party’s political symbol is an Elephant. Current president of the party is Mayawati and main base of the party is at Uttar Pradesh.
Communist Party of India (CPI)
The Communist Party of India was founded on December 26, 1925, but began functioning legally from July 1942. The party relies mainly on mass organizations for its activities, fronts and movements, guided by it along with other parties. On national level, CPI supports the Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The party is part of the coalition of leftist and communist parties, also known as the Left-Front in national media. The party’s political symbol is corn- sickle. Current President of the party is Shri A.B. Bardhan and main base of the party is at New Delhi.
Communist Party of India (Marxist) – CPI(M)
The Communist Party of India (Marxist), CPI (M), was founded in 1964 by the split from the Communist Party of India. The party’s main objective is to implement reservations for the disabled in public sector employment, poverty alleviation programs and education for the disabled. The party’s political symbol is hammer sickle and star. Current general secretary of CPI (M) is Prakash Karat and main base of the party is at New Delhi. Shri Sitaram Yechury is head of the International Department and Editor of CPI (M) central weekly Peoples’ Democracy.
Constitution of India:
According to the Constitution, elections are held once in every five years, unless the parliament dissolves earlier or on the other hand, emergency is declared. Parliament consists of two houses viz. The Lower House or the Lok Sabha and the Upper House or the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha consists of up to 250 members, out of which 230 members are elected by state legislatures and about 15 are nominated by the President.
Most of the parliamentary activities like passing the laws, no-confidence votes, budget bills, etc. takes place in the Lower House and hence the Upper House together with the Lower House amends the Constitution. These two Houses together with the state legislatures also elect the President.
The states have their own legislatures. Some states have two Houses and some only one House. The Lower House where most of the legislature activities happen is called the Vidhan Sabha. The elections are held every five years unless the state government is dissolved earlier. In these elections members for the Lower House are elected. The head of a state is called Chief Minister, who is also the member of the Lower House. Constitutionally the figurehead of the state is the Governor, who is appointed by the President according to the advice of the national government.
A list of Constitutional bodies in India
National
States/Union Territories
Democracy and diversity:
India is the largest democracy in the world was developed to serve as a Gateway to Good Governance, and it was all for the people, of the people and by the people.
Communication between the elected representatives and the electorate in India had always been a one way process from the politicians to the citizens. The vastness of the territory and lack of any proper communication infrastructure made it almost impossible for people to connect directly with politicians. India Democracy was one amongst the first to make it possible.
While the Articles section was devoted to logging discussions and debates of all concerns from across the country, News section kept our readers updated with all latest news. Updated database of all elected officials (from Governors to Chief Ministers, MPs, MLAs, to all level of State Ministers) was always available with options to contact them one-to-one. Many ministers replied publicly to the common questioners through this platform, thus fulfilling its role as a gateway to connect Indians with their leaders.
Diversity in Indian culture:
India is a land of diversity in race, region, caste, language, mate, landform, flora and fauna and so on. From ancient time till day India has repaintained this diversity from very ancient time. Mature has shaped the country so. Rightly this land has been termed as “the epitome of the world.” The fundamental diversity in India is gleaned from the following.
Geographical Diversity
Racial Diversity
Linguistic Diversity
Religious and social Diversity
Political Diversity
India culture is known for its rich values, which are produced in the past thousands of years. Culture is the essential and integral part of any society. Like any developed nation Indians are very proud of their unique and rich culture. People follow certain moral behaviors, lifestyle and customs throughout their life it is known as their culture.
Culture is the combination of people’s languages, their food, religion, family values, dressing, behaviors and it is common thing in different peoples in certain area. If you know the India history then it is clear that Indians always have the unique and very rich cultural values from the world. History of India has played very important role in the development of India culture of today. Indian culture has different aspects and each can be identified individually.
Tourists who are coming to India are always amazed by personally observing the India culture there is a huge population in India and so much diversity. Still one thing that is common in these millions of peoples is their culture and love for their culture. India is the best place in the world to see the different cultures from modern to ancient and find the similarities in these diversified cultures.
You can see that each Indian city has a different culture values but their basics are same which creates the larger culture of India. Tourist came here to know about the history of India and get the detailed knowledge by visiting historical places which are in numbers.Some of the must visit cities to observe Indian culture are Rajasthan, Jaipur, Goa, Kerela, Varanasi, Haridwar, Delhi and Agra. By visiting these places you can see the diverse India culture and tradition of people. Every place has its own customs, food, dressing, religion and art. Tourist can enjoy their vacations in India by relaxing visiting different places and by knowing the culture of Indian people.
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1)Political Histoty:
The situation in early years of independent India were full of disruptive events like Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. The Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India from West Punjab, North-West Frontier of Punjab, Baluchistan, East Bengal and Sindh after the communal violence in Pakistan.
Nathuram Godse, a revolutionary affiliated with the Hindu Nationalist movement held Mahatma Gandhi responsible for India’s partition and also accused him of appeasing Muslims. He assassinated Mahatma Gandhi on January 30, 1948.
In 1949, Hindu refugees fled into West Bengal and other states from East Pakistan following communal violence, bullying and repression from Muslim authorities. The treaty signed by Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan plighted to protect minorities and to create minorities commission by both India and Pakistan. Both also signed a trade agreement, to resolve bilateral disputes through peaceful means.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel lead Government of India for political negotiations backed with the option (and, on several occasions, the use) of military action to ensure the primacy of the Central government and of the Constitution then being drafted.
The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution of India, that was drafted by a committee headed by B. R. Ambedkar, on November 26, 1949 and came into force w.e.f January 26,1950. India became a democratic republic and Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India.
1950s and 1960s
India held its first constitutional elections in 1952. The National Congress Party won majority, and Jawaharlal Nehru was made Prime Minister & Dr. Rajendra Prasad was re-elected as President of India.
Congress won 1957 and 1962 elections under the leadership of Prime Minister Nehru. The Parliament passed panoptic reforms to give more legal rights to women, and also framed laws against caste discrimination and untouchability. Many schools, colleges and institutions for providing primary and advanced learning, such as the Indian Institutes of Technology were founded across the nation. He firmly advocated socialist model for Indian economy. No taxes were imposed on Indian farmers, minimum wage and benefits for working-class, and the nationalization of steel, aviation, shipping, electricity and mining industries.
States Reorganization Act was passed in 1956 by the States Reorganization Commission, who directed the creation of new states on the basis of spoken language and ethnic demographics.
Lal Bahadur Shastri succeeded Jawaharlal Nehru after his demise as Prime Minister. The Tashkent Agreement was signed on January 10, 1966 between India and Pakistan under the mediation of the Soviet government for establishing peace. Then as a result of the elections nation saw the rise of Indira Gandhi after the death of Lal Bhadur Shastri. She put an end to the privy purse guarantee for former Indian royalty, and waged a major offensive against party hierarchy over the nationalization of India’s banks. The Indian National Congress split in the year 1969.
1970s
Indira Gandhi and Congress (R) returned to power winning huge majority in 1971. The banks were nationalized and many other socialist economic and industrial policies were enacted during that period. Bangladesh was separated as a result of Bangladesh Liberation War. India signed a 20-year treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union. In 1974, India conducted its first nuclear test in Pokharan Rajasthan. Sikkim was formally declared as India’s 21st state on April 26, 1975.
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971
The Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 was fought for the independence of East Pakistan into the nation of Bangladesh from Pakistan.
Indian Emergency
The Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty of misusing government machinery for election purposes. Opposition parties conducted nationwide strikes and protests demanding her immediate resignation. In 1975, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declared emergency which gave the powers to defend law and order in the nation to the Central government. Explaining the breakdown of law and order and threat to national security as her primary reasons, Mrs. Gandhi suspended many civil liberties and postponed national and state elections. Non-Congress governments in Indian states were dismissed, and opposition political leaders and activists imprisoned. Strikes and public protests were criminalized in all forms.
Indira announced a 20-point programme which enhanced agricultural and industrial production, increasing national growth, productivity and job growth. Indira called for elections in 1977, and was defeated by Janata Party.
Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India. The Desai administration established judicatures to investigate Emergency-era abuses. The coalition crumbled in 1979 and Charan Singh formed an interim government. The Janata party had become intensely unpopular due to its internal conflicts, and its inability to lead India to solve serious economic and social problems.
1980s
Indira Gandhi and her Congress (I) party bounce back into power with a large majority in January, 1980. On October 31, 1984, the Prime Minister’s own Sikh bodyguards killed her, and communal violence erupted in Delhi and parts of Punjab.
The Congress party chose Rajiv Gandhi, as the next Prime Minister. Rajiv Gandhi at 40 was the youngest political leader and Prime Minister ever. His administration brought a youthful insight to the existing problems. Congress party had its biggest win under Rajiv with largest majority in history (over 415 seats out of 545 possible).
Rajiv Gandhi relaxed license raj, governmental restrictions on foreign currency, travel, foreign investment and imports. As Prime Minister, Rajiv increased economic aid and scientific cooperation. He also encouraged science and technology which led to the expansion of the telecommunications industry, India’s space program and gave birth to the software industry and information technology sector.
In 1987 India acted as mediator in an agreement between the Government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE. Rajiv sent Indian Peace Keeping force to enforce the agreement and disarm the Tamil rebels. IPKF was withdrawn by VP Singh in 1990. With the outbreak of Bofors scandal that revealed that senior government officials had taken bribes over defence contracts by a Swedish guns producer shattered Rajiv Gandhi’s image of an honest politician.
1990s
On May 21, 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was killed in a bomb attack by LTTE when he was campaigning in Tamil Nadu on behalf of Congress (I). In the elections, Congress (I) won 244 parliamentary seats and put together an alliance, returning to power under the leadership of P.V. Narasimha Rao. This government opened the Indian economy to global trade and investment. India’s domestic politics also underwent re-shapement and gave way to a plethora of small, regionally-based political parties. India was rocked by communal violence between Hindus and Muslims following the Babri Mosque demolition by Hindu mobs in reply to Ram Janmabhoomi dispute in Ayodhya in 1992.
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) raised in May 1996 national elections as the single-largest party in the Lok Sabha. The power of BJP alignment under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee lasted for only 13 days. A 14-party coalition led by the Janata Dal emerged to form the United Front. A United Front government under H.D. Deve Gowda again lasted for less than a year. The Congress Party withdrew his support in March 1997 and Inder Kumar Gujral replaced Deve Gowda as Prime Minister.
In November 1997, the Congress Party again withdrew support for the United Front. BJP conquered the largest number of seats in Parliament (182) in February 1998 elections. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was again appointed as Prime Minister. On May 11 and 13, 1998, a series of underground nuclear tests were done.
With the fall of BJP-led coalition government in April 1999, elections were held in September. In May and June 1999, Kargil War was fought in Kashmir after India discovered an elaborate campaign of terrorist infiltration. Prime Minister Vajpayee inaugurated the bus service between India and Pakistan. Indian forces killed infiltrators. Terrorism has increased in India with bomb blasts in leading cities like Mumbai, New Delhi, Jaipur, Bangalore, Hyderabad has been very common over the years.
2000s
A new coalition led by the BJP resulted from Kargil war with Vajpayee as Prime Minister in October 1999. Then Tehelka scandal happened that accused the chief of BJP party of taking unaccounted contributions in return for promised favours, and the CBI gave chargesheet to the senior BJP leaders for inciting the demolition of the Babri mosque. In 2002, tensions increased over the Ram Janmabhoomi dispute when the Vishwa Hindu Parishad challenged the government, by vowing to perform a religious ceremony on the disputed site. This rage resulted in burning of train in Godhra, Gujarat; 59 Hindu activists died in the mishap. This sparked off the 2002 Gujarat violence in which thousands of Hindus and Muslims died.
In January 2004 Vajpayee recommended early dissolution of the Lok Sabha and general elections. The Congress Party-led alliance was victorious in May 2004 elections. Manmohan Singh became the Prime Minister on 22 May 2004. Manmohan Singh became the first Sikh to hold India’s most powerful office. Singh has continued economic liberalization. India improved her relations, with many countries and foreign unions. Manmohan Singh talks with American President Barack Obama during the 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit at the Phipps Conservatory & Botanical Gardens.
2010s
The decade began with scams and scandals by the leaders of the ruling party Indian National Congress. The 2G scam, Commonwealth Games scam and the Coal-gate scam brought many prominent leaders of Congress under scrutiny including the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Political activist Anna Hazare launched mass campaigns to issue Jan Lokpal Bill against corruption. Member of Anna Hazare’s Anti Corruption Movemnet Arvind Kejriwal launched his new political party Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) at the centre in November 2012.
2)POLITICAL NEWS
India Infoline News Service/16:10,May 17, 2013
The Government of India has committed an equal amount for development of trunk infrastructure for creation of new industrial townships along the corridor. Sharma informed the Japanese Prime Minister that currently Japan has already taken 26% equity in the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Development Corporation creating a new paradigm of economic cooperation based on collaboration in innovation, technology and manufacturing under the framework of the strategic global partnership between the two countries.
India-US expand co-operation in knowledge sector
India Infoline News Service/17:54,May 16, 2013
The round table organised by the International Institute of Education at Washington discussed issues such as collaboration in the field of Community Colleges and promoting massive online courses and Technology Enabled Education.
Kharif Food Production to increase by 8% in 2013-14
India Infoline News Service/16:03,May 16, 2013
Indian agriculture is always under increased pressure on account of consistent population growth (Annual 1.53%) and its extensive reliability on monsoon rains. In recent times the impact of global warming has increased the uncertainty in both time and amount of rains in the monsoon season.
National Pension System posts double digit returns in FY13
India Infoline News Service/20:02,May 15, 2013
Pension Fund Managers are now allowed to prescribe their own fee subject to ceiling of 0.25% to enable an economically viable model for their operations.
Govt identifies 20 districts for LPG direct benefit scheme
India Infoline News Service/18:07,May 15, 2013
The scheme aims to curb leakages and prevent black-marketing and provide subsidy to consumers in their bank accounts.
Jyotiraditya Scindia led high-level delegation to Germany
India Infoline News Service/16:03,May 15, 2013
The visit is a follow-up to the visit of Prime Minister Dr Singh’s to Berlin in April for the second round of Inter-Governmental Consultations between India and Germany. Cooperation in power and renewable energy were one of the key areas of discussions between Dr Singh and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, with both Governments highlighting this as a vital sector for ongoing and enhanced cooperation.
Government decides to launch Inflation Index Bonds
India Infoline News Service/15:58,May 15, 2013
First tranche on June 4, 2013 for Rs. 10 billion-20 billion
Obama meets with David Cameron
India Infoline News Service/09:13,May 15, 2013
The President thanked the people of the United Kingdom for their support in the wake of the bombings in Boston.
Group of Ministers to consider CBI autonomy
India Infoline News Service/17:30,May 14, 2013
The GoM will prepare the draft law and the draft affidavit to be filed in the Supreme Court in the context of the Writ Petition (Civil) No. 120 of 2012, within three weeks.
Mineral sector negative growth of 2.9% during March 2013
India Infoline News Service/12:36,May 14, 2013
In March 2013 the output of diamond increased by 58.3%, chromite 35.1%, lignite 29.1%, coal 25.3%, zinc conc.
No rift between Singh, Sonia; PM to continue till 2014
India Infoline News Service/17:30,May 13, 2013
Cong General Secretary Janardan Dwivedi denied media reports of PM and Sonia not being on the same page in the decision to sack Railway Minister Pawan Kumar Bansal and Law Minister Ahwani Kumar. He said that party has full faith in PM and he will complete his term
Pak poll outcome may stabilise sovereign rating: S&P
India Infoline News Service/17:25,May 13, 2013
The elections were the first in the country’s history in which an elected government handed power to another elected government.
Siddaramaiah to be sworn-in for Karnataka top job today
India Infoline News Service/11:01,May 13, 2013
Lawyer turned politician Siddaramaiah hails from Kuruba –third largest community in the state, joined Congress from JDS six years earlier and was Deputy Chief Minister under N Dharam Singh.
SC Coalgate verdict unfortunate: YSR Congress Party
India Infoline News Service/14:53,May 10, 2013
“We honour the verdict of the Supreme Court but at the same time the comments of CBI counsel has been damaging and his accent was more like a Congress spokesperson than that of an advocate.,” party leaders YS Vijayamma, Konathala Ramakrishna and Ambati Rambabu told reporters in two separate press conferences held
Smt.Krishna Tirath launches World Bank assisted ISSNIP
India Infoline News Service/15:07,May 09, 2013
The World Bank is supporting this project initially with a concessionary loan of US$ 106mn payable over 25 years.
Railway revenue earnings up 13.65% during April 2013
India Infoline News Service/15:04,May 09, 2013
The total passenger revenue earnings in April 2013 were Rs. 2925.44 crore compared to Rs. 2384.87 crore during the same period last year, registering an increase of 22.67%.
Post Saradha, Mamata announces ‘Social Security scheme’
India Infoline News Service/10:34,May 09, 2013
The scheme aims to provide a government sponsored deposit taking scheme- the move is aimed at providing investors with a safe investment option with a guarantee of return
Parliament adjourned sine die 2 days prior to its scheduled close
India Infoline News Service/17:59,May 08, 2013
Crucial legislations which UPA wanted to pass before the elections such as Food Security – which analysts say was UPA’s security in 2014 and Land Acquisition Bill were stalled vis-à-vis an unrelenting Opposition.
Coal supply increases 6.2% in FY13
India Infoline News Service/17:38,May 07, 2013
In each year, as per the Annual Plan, Ministry of Coal finalize sector-wise supply targets as part of indigenous coal supply plan, which is however, not fixed consumer-wise. Accordingly the details of supply of coal and coal
Agricultural and Allied products export increases to 33.54bn $
India Infoline News Service/17:15,May 07, 2013
Currently, International prices of wheat, rice and maize are higher compared to last year while prices of commodities such as cotton, edible oils and sugar are lower.
Our National party 